Alleviating psoriatic skin inflammation through augmentation of Treg cells via CTLA-4 signaling peptide

Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates inflammation in adipocyte of obese rats via toll-like receptors 4 signaling

Objective(s): To explore whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulates inflammation in adipose tissue of obese rats via TLR4 signaling. Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, and body weight, food intake, and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine mRNA or protein expression of TLR4, TRAF6, IKK...

All-trans Retinoic Acid Regulates the Balance of Treg-Th17 Cells through ERK and P38 Signaling Pathway

Augmentation of CTLA-4 expression by wortmannin: involvement of lysosomal sorting properties of CTLA-4.

CTLA-4 (CD152) is transiently induced on the cell surface of activated T cells and expression is limited at a low level. In this study, we investigated the possibility that phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI 3-K) and other related PI kinases associated with the cytoplasmic domain of CTLA-4 are involved in intracellular trafficking and sorting of CTLA-4 protein. Treatment with micromolar concentr...

Treg and CTLA-4: Two intertwining pathways to immune tolerance

Both the CTLA-4 pathway and regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for the control of immune homeostasis. Their therapeutic relevance is highlighted by the increasing use of anti-CTLA-4 antibody in tumor therapy and the development of Treg cell transfer strategies for use in autoimmunity and transplantation settings. The CTLA-4 pathway first came to the attention of the immunological community...

CTLA-4 Suppresses Proximal TCR Signaling